Par rapport au Benjamin Franklin et l'indépendance des États-Unis
Benjamin Franklin n'était pas un revolutionaire tellement véhément en concernant l'indépendance des treize colonies. Au contraire, Franklin a essayé de rétablir des relations positives avec les colonies et la Grande-Bretagne. Au début, l'un des principaux problèmes pour Franklin par rapport aux treize colonies était lié aux colonies propriétaires, en particulier la colonie de Pennsylvanie, où Franklin a vécu une grande partie de sa vie. Ces désaccords sur la fiscalité se sont transformés en problèmes plus larges concernant les colonies. Franklin aurait souhaité que les colonies soient unifiées et sous le contrôle de la couronne anglaise, mais avec la représentation. Lorsque plusieurs taux et régulations d'échange ont été imposés sur les colonies, Franklin, en tant qu'imprimeur qui a toujours exalté les ouvriers, était sympathique aux colonies. Il a décrié ces taux comme injustes en l'absence de représentation. Il etait tristé lorsqu'il vit que les colonies commençaient à se séparer.
Benjamin Franklin was not as vehement regarding the independence of the Thirteen Colonies. Rather, Franklin tried to reestablish positive relations with the colonies and Britain. Early on, one of the main problems for Franklin in relation to the Thirteen Colonies had to do with the proprietary colonies, particularly the colony of Pennsylvania, where Franklin lived much of his life. These disagreements over taxation grew into broader issues regarding the colonies. Franklin would have liked the colonies to be unified and under the control of the English crown, but with representation. When several rates and regulations of exchange were imposed on the colonies, Franklin, as a printer who always exalted workers, was sympathetic to the colonies. He decried these rates as unfair in the absence of representation. He was saddened when he saw that the colonies were beginning to separate.
Kyuss was a stoner rock/metal band from the early 90s based in Palm Desert California. Initially believing themselves to be a punk band, the group soon embarked on a sound influenced by their arid surroundings and the beer-soaked, sensuality of the stoned-out high schoolers. They became synonymous with the music scene of Palm Desert in the 90s. After disbanding in 1995, members went on to various other bands (Queens of the Stone Age, Fu Manchu, Screaming Trees).
Their second album is a masterpiece, and their third is a close second. Wretch, their first album is not as good (though underrated with fiery more punky/thrashy tracks such as Love Has Passed Me By, Katzenjammer, I’m Not, and the cathartic Son of a Bitch) but demonstrated a proximity to the explosive gold of their 2nd album. Their fourth and final album is their worst and unsurprisingly so, considering the band had significant internal issues which stifled creativity and integral drummer Brant Bjork had left the band at this point. For this reason, I will focus my adoration on their second and third records: Blues for the New Sun and Welcome to Sky Valley
Blues for the New Sunis a towering album in the stoner rock/metal scene. The album is an ode to flame. This is a world of spacey infernos, listeners are transported through space, but it is not the cold and hollow space of other more doomy metal acts, this is a world in which the Sun engulfs the Earth, where the universe overheats, aptly envisioned in the third song Molten Universe. The opening song Thumb paints a conflated Promethean myth in which vocalist Garcia forcefully declares “You’ve been burned by my lighter”. The gift of flame is given with no consideration, and it is humans who will endure the consequences.
The nihilistic Thong Song and existential Freedom Run question of how significant humanity is in this conflagration.But Garcia’s vocals and lyrics do not express a numbing depression to this reflection, they demonstrate an acceptance in merging humanity with flame; an immanent immolation. “Walked million miles of desert sun/To grasp the chance that I’ll be gone/Be one with you, yeah.” Garcia sings in Freedom Run. This destructive and metamorphizing fire is manifested absolutely in every aspect of the music: Garcia’s scorched voice, the absolute lyrics, Oliveri’s crushing bass, Homme’s distorted and evolving guitars, Bjork’s bone-breaking and tribal drums and sizzling cymbals. Homme’s guitars, Oliveri’s bass and Bjork's drums are truly the crown jewel of the album as they capture the perfect blend of punch and depth with bluesy grooves and psychedelic embellishments into a rumbling inferno.
There is no contradiction or dishonesty in Blues for the New Sun. It is a singular ontology of immolation, whether slow burn or a blaze. The dynamic journey of 50 Million Year Trip (Downside Up) feels like the blistering progression of wildfire, while Apothecaires’ Weight feels like a weed-induced catatonia. There is something very immobile about the song, as if a dim flame is struggling to maintain itself.
Human beings just like everything flames destroy are equated to materialistic objects, unfit to stop the destructive progression. “Everyone seems to be singing for Satan/Guess I will too” Garcia laconically sings in the smoldering Writhe like a teenage nihilist. The accelerative destruction of flame and the world itself is most poignantly shown in the thrashy Green Machine in whichthe lyrics acknowledge that the band is both a component of a system and its downfall. Baudrillardesque.
The sore thumb of the album, Capsized, is the most ominous song, the shortest (if we don’t count the ridiculous 4-second Yeah), and arguably the most spiritual. At 55 seconds long, the drumless and vocal-less acoustic riff feels out of place and seems to demonstrate an eerie disconnection from reality, as if humanity is approaching a point of no return, forgetting a previous life. As the riff plays, another acoustic melody shimmers in the background, like a last attempt by angelic luminaries to converse between the firmament.
The album then transitions to the fiery and physical Allen’s Wrench, yelling that all we get is an Allen’s Wrench. Garcia’s vocals might as well emit fire.
Mondo Generator is the climax of the album’s philosophy. The song is the only one to feature vocals from bassist Nick Oliveri, but the obscure and neurotic vocals played through a distorted and echoing guitar amp seem inhuman. It is difficult to confirm any concrete lyrics in this devouring inferno. The song almost becomes impressionistic in this respect. Is this even a human singing, or is it just the flame? Is this a human spirit trapped inside a vortex of flame grasping at any attempt to not be fully devoured by the inferno, or if this is already a world of only fire? Only flames protrude as the blazing maelstrom enlarges.
Welcome to Sky Valleyis less an ode to infernos and humanity's relationship with fire, rather it is more of a meditation on the wild and grand Californian wilderness. These reflections are shown in the existential and ominous backdrop of the music, as well as the much wider and open recording. It often sounds as if the band is playing outside. There is distance.
From the beginning, it is known that the fiery nature of their magnum opus remains, but now more of an emphasis is made on atmospheric and drawn-out compositions. The instrumental Asteroid paints an ominous star watcher, who in the barren California desert comes to the helpless realization that eventually an asteroid will destroy Earth. The twangy Space Cadet invokes a sultry psychedelic mirage where Garcia sings “Dripped in sun, hands in sand, earth as it cleanses … but the world never comes”. Humans remain paralyzed, while Nature weaves her web. The album then changes to the charging, ardent humanity of the blistering Odyssey, invoking Greek myth in the American wild. A sonic journey worthy of its name.
It must be addressed that Garcia’s vocals are significantly second fiddle on this album. Perhaps due to this mixing or the smoky torture that they endured from the band’s last record. Whitewater is a prime example of Garcia’s vocals occupying the position as more of an embellishment to the mayhem of Homme and Reeder’s guitars and Bjork’s furious drums. The song is the band’s last final war charge, of natural carnage. Garcia’s voice struggles to stay afloat as the Whitewater rapids roar and roar as the listener is left to survive her currents through all her tumults and lulls.
Urban was an educated former prior from France. He was also known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery. He supported the previous pope, Gregory VII. After Gregory's death, Pope Victor III briefly reigned, and then Urban was elected pope.
Gregory clashed with Emporer Henry IV
One of the key issues in this conflict was the investiture, the practice of secular rulers appointing and investing bishops and abbots with their religious offices. Pope Gregory VII sought to reform the Church and establish its independence from secular authority, arguing that the appointment of church officials should be the sole prerogative of the Church.
Henry IV, on the other hand, wanted to maintain control over the appointment of bishops and church officials within his realm.
So Pope Gregory VII excommunicated the German King Henry IV. It was the first time a reigning monarch had been excommunicated since Theodosius the Great, seven centuries earlier. The excommunication absolved all Henry's subjects from allegiance to him, and anyone supporting Henry risked being excommunicated themselves. Henry retaliated by calling together a synod of German and Italian Bishops, who elected a new Pope, Pope Clement III, whom Henry attempted to install in Rome in place of Gregory. Gregory was eventually saved by the military intervention of the Normans, who as Vikings tend to do then went on to rampage and plunder their way through Rome in 1084.
Gregory had previously attempted crusades particularly concerned with the East. When the news of the Muslim attacks on the Christians in the East filtered through to Rome, and the political embarrassments of Byzantium increased, he conceived the project of a great military expedition and exhorted the faithful to participate in recovering the Church of the Holy Sepulchre—foreshadowing the First Crusade. In his efforts to recruit for the expedition, he emphasized the suffering of Eastern Christians, arguing Western Christians had a moral obligation to go to their aid.
Gregory died in 1085 (RIP) This is his tomb
Pope Victor III succeeded Gregory but died shortly after his pontification. Pope Urban II was then elected
In July 1095, Urban II turned to his homeland of France to recruit men for the expedition. His travels there culminated in the ten-day Council of Clermont, where on 27 November he gave an impassioned sermon to a large audience of French nobles and clergy.
Urban made a speech imploring nobles to take up arms and aid in the recapturing of Christian Lands (these lands had not been Christian for nearly 400 years). The consensus is that the Crusades were called to aid the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks.
Urban invoked a holy war and declared a full penance to Crusaders stating
"All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested"
Pagan cults were widespread throughout pre-Islamic Arabia till Muhamed united the Arabian clans under monotheism and propelled the Islamic conquest of Arabia.
The Pagans of Mecca are conquered in 630 and the Ka'bah now becomes a site for Islamic worship not pagan worship.
Islam spreads throughout the Middle-East and Europe.
Expansion under Muhammad, 622-632(Brown) Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate (Orange), 632-661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 (Mustard).
Muslims were largely tolerant of Judaism and Christianity dignifying them as "people of the book"
Differentiations between Sunni and Shia
Sunni traditions, Muhammad left no successor and the participants of the Saqifah event appointed Abu Bakr as the next-in-line (the first caliph).
Shia believed that only decendents of Ali (Muhamed's cousin and the first convert) and Fatima (Muhamed's daughter) could be the caliph.
Words are composed of phonemes (the smallest distinct unit of that can be segmented into speech), Phonemes are abstract units of sound in a language. Examples include /p/, /b/.
Phonèmes
Les mots sont composés de phonèmes (les plus petites unités distinctes qui peuvent être segmentées en parole). Les phonèmes sont des unités abstraites de son dans une langue. Des exemples incluent /p/, /b/.
English Phonetic Alphabet
The French Phonetic Alphabet
Morphemes
Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning that compose words.
Morphology can be
Isolating (Analytic language)in which a morpheme per word ratio is close to one, and with no inflectionalmorphology (the modification of words as they pertain to grammatical categories) whatsoever. In the extreme case, each word contains a single morpheme. Examples include Mandarine Vietnamese and Yoruba. Because of the lack of inflection, word order and context are important in deriving meaning. They do not use bound morphemes.
English is mostly analytic but has some fusional elements.
Fusional languages (Synthetic) use a complex system of inflection and affixes to encode multiple grammatical features within single word forms. The level of morphological complexity and the degree of synthesis are key factors that differentiate these language types. Examples of this include Arabic and German. On the extreme end is Mohawk which has a very high morpheme-to-word ratio.
En Francais
Alphabet phonétique anglais
L'alphabet phonétique français
Morphèmes
Les morphèmes sont les plus petites unités de sens qui composent les mots.
La morphologie peut être isolante (langue analytique), dans laquelle le ratio morphème par mot est proche de un, et sans morphologie flexionnelle (la modification des mots en ce qui concerne les catégories grammaticales). Dans le cas extrême, chaque mot contient un seul morphème. Des exemples incluent le mandarin, le vietnamien et le yoruba. En raison du manque de flexion, l'ordre des mots et le contexte sont importants pour dériver la signification. Ils n'utilisent pas de morphèmes liés.
L'anglais est principalement analytique mais comporte certains éléments fusionnels.
Les langues fusionnelles (synthétiques) utilisent un système complexe de flexion et d'affixes pour coder de multiples caractéristiques grammaticales dans des formes de mots simples. Le niveau de complexité morphologique et le degré de synthèse sont des facteurs clés qui différencient ces types de langues. Des exemples incluent l'arabe et l'allemand. À l'extrême se trouve le mohawk qui a un ratio morphème-par-mot très élevé.
